IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


h 


// 


{./ 


.*  «-?^ 


,.«      M 


K 


fe 


&< 


1.0 


I.I 


'-IIIIIM  IIM 

*«  IliU    |||||Z2 

'■'  litt  '""^ 

110     12.0 


1.8 


1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

^ 6"     - 

► 

^M 


y 


<^ 


r 


/] 


7. 


c>% 


rf> 


<m>  .>: 


'V^ 


7 


/^ 


PhotDgrepKic 

Sciances 
Corporation 


V 


s 


V 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


% 


.V 


^^ 


i\ 


\ 


A 


% 


V 


'^<.' 
%«•'■ 


^      N^^^"" 


O^ 


^9) 


^^ 


?n>>' 


^ 


fl 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


^ 


m 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  b  'iliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


s/ 


D 


n 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  peilicuide 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  fiim^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


D 


0 
D 


n/ 


n 


Coloured  pages/ 
P&t;es  de  couleur 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 


Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 


I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^colordes,  tachet6es  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


I      I    Only  edition  available/ 


Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fa9on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

J 

12X 


lex 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


tails 
du 

}difier 
une 
Tiage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Qudbec 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  tnd  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


L'exemplaire  fiimd  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
gAn6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Qudbec 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^c  sont  fiimis  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminaul  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  t;>e  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Ufi  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN  ". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


rrata 
o 


3elure, 
id 


D 


32X 


^     t 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

m 


I*'-': 


13 


UNIVERSITY  OP  CAUPORNIA 

Bulletin  of  the  Department  of  Geology 

Vol.  2,  No.  3,  pp.  101-108  ANDREW  C.  LAWSON,  Editor 


Note  on  Two  Tertiary  Faunas 


if 


'I 


:*; 


FROM 


THE  ROCKS  OF  THE  SOUTHERN   COAST  OF 
VANCOUVER  ISLAND 


BY 


J.  C.  Merriam 


BERKELEY 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY 

DECEMBER,  1896 


PRICE,  10  CENTS 


■  n 


M  5  5  I  /« 


••«  •   •  ,•. • 


\»  •  • • • • 

•  •  •   • 

•  •  •  •   • 


•••   «•••*•••• 


• .  •     •  ••• •  «•• 

•  •     ••••,• 

*  •     •  •••  •  «•• 


•  ••    • •  • 

•  •    •  •  • 

•  •••••• 


•  •      •  •*••••■« 
••      •••••    *•■ 


UNIVUKSITV  OP  CALIFORNIA 

Bulletin  of  the  Department  of  Geology 

Vol.  2,  No.  3,  pp.  101-108.  ANDREW  C.  LAWSON,  Editor 


NOTE 


ON  TWO  TERTIARY  FAUNAS 


FROM  THE 


ROCKS  OF  TIIF  SOUTIIHRN  COAST  01'  VANCOIJVHR  ISLAND 


BY 


J.    C.    MKRRIAM. 


CONTENTS. 


Introductory  Remarks lor 

Carmanah  Point 102 

Occurrence  of  Fossils 102 

List  of  Species 103 

Correlation 104 

Sooke  District 105 

Table  of  Sooke  Fauna 105 

Age  and  Relationship  of  Fauna 106 

INTRODUCTORY    REMARK.S. 

The  occurrence  of  fossiliferous  horizons  of  marine  Tertiary  on 
the  coast  of  Vancouver  Island  having  received  only  the  briefest 
mention  in  geological  literature,  the  following  description  of  seme 
interesting  collections  recently  made  on  the  southern  coast  of  the 
island  by  Dr.  C.  F.  Newcombe,  of  Victoria,  is  offered  as  a  contri- 
bution to  our  knowledge  of  the  geology  and  paU-eontology  of  this 
region. 

During  the  years  1894  and  '95  several  collections  of  marine 
Tertiary  shells  from  Vancouver  Island  were  forwarded  to  the  writer 


597'97 


102 


Univirsitv  of  Cir/ifotiiin. 


[Vol..  2. 


by  Dr.  Newcombe  for  identification  and  for  determination,  if  pos.si- 
bie,  of  the  age  of  the  rocks  in  which  they  occur.  The  coilection.s 
were  all  from  two  localities,  representing  different  horizons  of  the 
Tertiary.  The  first  of  these  is  on  Carmanah  Point  at  the  enttance  to 
the  Strait  of  Fiica,  and  the  .second  near  Miiir  and  Coal  Creeks,  in  the 
Sooke  District.  All  the  material  was  collected  by  Dr.  Newcombe, 
who  visited  the  localities,  collecting  fossils  and  studying,  where 
possible,  the  stratigraphic  relations  of  the  fossiliferous  beds.  Up  to 
the  time  of  Dr.  Newcombe's  explorations  the  Tertiary  fo.s.sils  of 
Vancouver  Island  .seem  never  to  have  been  sy.stematically  collected. 

CAKMANAH    POINT. 

The  collection  from  Carmanah  Point  represents  the  older  of  the 
two  horizons,  and  is  interesting  on  account  of  the  resemblance  it 
bears  to  the  fauna  of  Conrad's  Astoria  Miocene,*  to  the  greater, 
Miocene  portion  of  which  Dr.  W.  H.  Dallf  has  given  the  name 
Astoria  Group. 

Occurrence  of  Fossils. — A  section  of  the  rocks  near  Carmanah 
Point  lighthouse,  forwarded  to  the  writer  by  Dr.  Newcombe,  shows 
altogether  about  1 50  feet  of  sandstone,  shale,  conglomerate  and 
drift  mantle.  The  occurrence  of  the  fo.ssils  is  described  by  Dr. 
Newcombe  in  the  following  note: — 

"The  fossils  are  found  chiefly  in  the  conglomerate  layers,  mostly  in  the 
contained  boulders,  which  vary  in  size  from  small  pebbles  to  four  or  five  feet 
in  diameter.  The  boulders,  when  fossiliferous,  are  of  a  bluiii;  grey,  fine,  and 
very  hard  sandstone.  The  matri.x  of  the  conglomerate  contains  in  places 
large  quantities  of  broken  fragments  of  shells,  many  resen.bling  species  in  the 
boulders,  but  mostly  too  much  broken  up  to  permit  identification.  Several 
large  pieces  of  bored  fossil  wood  project  in  various  parts  of  the  section.  Sim- 
ilar rocks  extend  east  and  west  for  some  miles,  but  are  very  difficult  of  access 
except  in  very  calm  weather." 

Dr.  Newcombe's  statement  that  the  niatrix  between  the  fossilif- 
erous boulders  contains  "broken  fragments  of  shells,  .  .  .  re.sem- 
bling  species  in  the  boulder.s,"  suggests  the  idea  that  the  boulders 
are  of  concretionary  origin.     This  seems  all  the  more  probable  as 


*  Geology  of  Wilke's  Exploring  Expedition,  1838-42. 

t  Correlation  Papers,  Neocene.    Bull.  84,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  p.  225 


Mkkkiam. 


On   Two   Tir/iniy  Fniiiuts. 


'03 


the  occurrence  of  fossils  in  concretionary  boulders  is  not  uncom- 
mon at  Astoria  and  at  various  other  points  on  the  west  coast, 
where  the  later  Tertiary  rocks  arc  exposed.  In  answer  to  a  (jues- 
tion  as  to  the  character  of  the  fossiliferous  boulders,  Dr.  Newcombe 
stated  recently  that  it  is  possible  tiiat  they  are  concretionary,  but 
he  remembers  having  seen  alon^  with  them,  in  the  fo.ssiliferous 
beds,  large  quartz  and  diorite  pebbles  and  water-worn  boulders. 
Whether  water-worn  or  concretionary,  it  is  pretty  certain  that  the 
fossiliferous  boulders  are  all  of  the  same  origin,  since  the  matrix  in 
which  the  fossils  are  imbedded  seems  to  be  the  same  in  all  cases. 
We  may  safely  assume  that  the  species  cited  here  as  occurring  in 
the  Carmanah  Point  beds  all  belong  to  the  same  fauna,  which  may 
have  flourished  in  situ  at  the  time  the  Carmanah  Point  sediments 
were  being  deposited,  or  may  have  lived  in  an  earlier  period,  at  a 
locality  not  far  distant,  from  which  the  fossiliferous  boulders  were 
derived  for  the  formation  of  the  Carmanah  Point  conglomerate. 

List  of  Species. — The  following  .species*  from  Carmanah  Point 
were  identified  in  Dr.  Newcombe's  collection. 

I.  Nitcttla  divaricatn.  Con. 

3.  Doliopsis  sp. 

3.  Liicina  aciitilincata.  Con. 

4.  Mya  ahrupta.  Con. 

5.  Tcllina  oregonensis,  Con. 

6.  Crepidiila  rostra/is.  Con, 

7.  Dcntaliiim  siibstriatuiu.  Con. 

■  8.  Ceritliiopsis  oregonensis.  Con. 

9.  Priscofiisus  oregonensis.  Con. 

to.  Cardita  ventrieosa,  Gld. 

1 1.  Tellina  albaria.  Con. 

12.  Lnnatia  oregonensis,  Con. 

13.  Sinn VI  seopnlosnni.  Con.  [eonf). 

14.  Cy/ie/tnn  oregona,  Con. 

15.  Pectnncnlns  pntnlns,  Q.vtw. 

16.  Loripes  pari/is,  Con. 


*The  synonym  of  the  species  listed,  together  with  descriptions  and  figures 
of  the  new  species,  will  form  the  subject  of  a  future  paper. 


104 


University  of  California. 


[Vol.  8. 


30. 
21. 

22. 

24. 


17.  Cythcrca  vcspertina.  Con.  (rt^). 
tiS.    Trochita  inornata,  Gabb.  {(iff.). 
19.  Mytihis  i'dii/is,  Linn.  (rt^). 

Tiirritclla  nov.  sp. 

Cardiiim  nov.  sp. 

Cytlwrea  .sp. 

5'w/t'«  sp. 

Bored  wood,  Teredo  (?)  sp. 
In  addition  to  this  li.st  Dr.  Newcombe  iias  xent  the  followinfj 
list  of  species,  determined  by  Dr.  VV.  H.  Dall,  in  a  collection  made 
near  Carmanah  Point  in  1890. 
I.  Axinus  bisectus.  Con. 
_'.   Chrysodomns  sp.  (found  in  Oregon  Miocene). 

3.  Veneroid  (possibly  dementia). 

4.  Maeoina  nasiita.  Con. 

5 .  Venus  perteniiis,  Gabb. 

6.  Pachypoina  biangidata,  Gabb.  {conf). 

7.  Mytilus  edulis,  Linn.  (aff.). 

8.  Pleiirotoma  indet. 

9.  Teredo  sp. 

Correlation. — Of  these  species  numbers  1-17  of  the  writer's  list 
occur  in  Conrad's  Astoria  Miocene,  Trochita  inornata  (No.  18)  and 
forms  like  Mytilus  edulis  (No.  19)  occur  in  the  Miocene  of  Califor- 
nia, Nos.  20  and  21  are  new,  and  the  other  three  forms  are  doubtful. 

Of  Dr.  Dall's  list  the  Axinus  bisectus  and  Chrysodonius  occur  at 
Astoria.  A  Clementia-like  shell,  which  was  .seen  in  Dr.  Newcombe's 
collection,  looked  very  much  like  Cytherea  oregonensis,  Con.,  found 
originally  near  Astoria.  Maconia  nasuta,  Venus  pertenuis  and 
forms  like  Mytilus  edulis,  are  found  in  the  Miocene  of  California. 
Pachypoina  biangnlata  occurs  in  rocks  of  doubtful  age  (Neocene) 
in  California.  The  species  of  Teredo  and  Pleurotoma  not  being 
identified,  need  not  be  considered  farther. 

The  fauna  of  the  Carmanah  Point  beds  seems,  on  the  whole,  to 
be  the  .same  as  that  of  Conrad's  Astoria  Miocene,  excluding,  how- 
ever, the  lower  portion  of  the  latter  series,  which  has  been  supposed 
to  be  of  Eocene  age. 


yK" 


Mkrriam.] 


Oh  Two  Tertiary  Faunas. 


105 


>■>"•• 


SOOKE    DISTKICT. 

In  1876  Mr.  James  Richardson  noticed  the  occurrence  of  fossil 
iferous  rocks  in  the  Sooke  District,  and  pubhshed  the  following 
statement  regarding  them.* 

"At  the  mouth  of  John's  River  the  lowest  beds  are  grey  sandstone,  in 
some  places  crowded  with  fossils  belonging  apparently  to  three  or  four  species. 
These  are  referable  to  the  genera  Ostrea,  Pecten,  and  Saxidomtts  awA  are  either 
of  Tertiary  or  post-Tertiary  age." 

In  1892  Dr.  W.  K.  Dall  mentionedf  the  occurrence  of  marine 
bed.s  of  Miocene  age  near  Sooke. 

Dr.  Newcombe  visited  the  Sooke  District  in  1893,  '94,  and  '95, 
collecting  in  ..il  between  twenty-five  and  thirty  mollu.scan  species. 

The  cliffs,  in  which  the  fossils  occur,  are  stated  by  Mr. 
Richardson  and  Dr.  Newcombe  to  show  a  considerable  thickt\ess 
of  soft  sandstone,  with  some  conglomerate.  The  strata  do  not 
appear  to  be  greatly  disturbed.  In  places  the  sandstone  is  full  of 
fossils,  which  are  often  well  preserved. 

Table  of  Sooke  Fauna. — The  following  table  of  species  gives,  as 
nearly  as  can  at  present  be  determined,  the  composition  of  the  fauna 
of  the  Sooke  beds: — 


*Geol.  Surv.  of  Canada  Rept.  Prog.  1876-77. 
tBull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  84,  p.  230. 


io6 


Unhcrsitv  of  California. 


IVou.i. 


2. 

.V 
4- 

s- 

6. 

7- 
8 

9 

lo. 
II. 
12. 

i.V 

14. 

16. 

I7- 
18. 

19- 

20. 
21. 

21. 

2.V 
24. 

25- 


Haciinanomiii  inturasi/tisnui,  Desli. 

Mytilus  edulis,  Linn 

Cf n/Zu'dea  ra/ifomiai,  Hn\i\ . 

.liinrra  mitra,  Ksch 

Crepidula  rugosa,  Niiit.  (f?^.) 

Pecten  tn/Hisit/caius.Curp.  (n»//.)... 

Pecten  hasfatus,  Sowb  (ronf)... 

Chrysodomus  dims,  Kteve . 

yo/f/ia  impressa ,  Cun 

Pectunailus  patu/us,  Con  

Trochita  inornata,  Gabb 

Sinum  scopulosum.  Con.  (cotif.)  .... 

Fusus  nov.  sp.  (a) 

Fiisiis  no\.  sp.  (b) 

Patel  loid  nov 

fi/assa  (?)  nov.  sp 

Ancillaria  nov.  sp 

Cythcreano\.  .sp.  (al 

Cytherea  nov.  sp.  (jb) 

Bittiam  nov.  sp,  (?) 

Crepidula  sp 

Ostrea  sp 

C'lrdiitm  sp 

Cerithidca  v,[i 

Tapes  (?)  sp 


W\ 


=•0 
5g- 


^^i^^  ami  Rclationsliip  of  luuiiin  — In  attempting  to  determine  the 
age  of  the  Sooke  beds,  a  comparison  of  tlieir  fauna  witli  that  now  ex- 
isting on  the  Pacific  Coast  shows  that  of  tlic  twenty  moUuscan  species 
determined,  eleven,  or  about  fifty-five  per  cent,  are  probably  extinct, 
and  eight  or  nine  are  pretty  certainly  living.  Five  species  could  not 
be  certainly  determined  and  should  not  be  considered.  According 
to  the  law  of  percentages  as  generally  used  in  determining  the  age 
of  Tertiary  faunas,  the  nearly  equal  number  of  living  and  extinct 
species  makes  it  impossible  to  place  the  beds  in  either  the  Eocene 
or  Quaternary.  The  number  of  species  li.sted  being  small,  we  can 
not  place  much  dependence  in  the  percentage  of  living  species  for 
accurate  determination  of  the  age;  it  is  hardly  probable,  however, 
that  the  Miocene  would  contain  forty-five  per  cent,  of  living  species, 
that  number  indicating  a  period  nearer  the  pre.sent  time. 

Regarding   the  trustworthiness  of  the  percentage  method  a.s 


Mi'.UKIAM. 


(^11   Ta'i'   I'tiliiuv  fuiiinas. 


107 


applicd  to  west  coast  ^jcolotjy,  even  when  the  number  of  species  at 
liand  is  lar^e,  it  may  he  stated  tliat,  while  it  is  certainly  of  ^reat 
value  where  once  stamlarclized,  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  percent- 
ages of  Recent  molluscan  s])ecies  found  in  the  faunas  of  the  liiflfercnt 
Tertiary  periods  in  other  parts  of  the  world  would  correspond  at  all 
to  the  pcrcenta^'es  of  modern  forms,  which  existed  on  tiie  west 
coast  during  the  same  periods.  Corresponding  to  variations,  or 
lack  of  variation,  in  topography  and  climatic  conditions,  the  average 
percentage  of  Recent  species  on  the  west  coast  in  any  given  period 
may  have  been  much  larger  or  much  smaller  than  elsewhere. 

Comparing  the  Sooke  fauna  with  that  of  well-known  Tertiary 
and  po.st-Tertiary  horizons  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  wc  find  that  si.\  or 
seven  of  the  speciti  .  'C  known  from  the  Miocene  and  about  an 
equal  number  from  the  i'liocene,  nine  species  are  found  in  the  Qua- 
ternary and  Recent,  ;ind  seven  or  eight  are  not  known  to  occur 
elsewhere,  either  1.  cent  ji  fossil. 

The  fauna  of  the  Soike  beds,  as  represented  in  Dr.  Nevvcombe's 
collection,  is  cpiite  differ  nt  from  any  of  the  Oregon  or  California 
Miocene  or  Pliocoiic  faunas  known  to  the  writer.  The  presence  of 
such  a  large  peri:entage  of  new  forms,  and  the  decided  difference  of 
the  whole  fauna  from  that  of  Carmanah  Point,  of  Astoria  and  of  the 
lower  Pliocene  of  Northern  California,  n'-e  rather  surprising  when 
we  take  into  consideration  the  relation  of  these  faunas  to  each 
other.  There  are  common  to  the  Carmanah  Point  and  Sooke  beds 
about  five  species ;  two  good  and  three  doubtful.  This  is  a  much 
sni'iller  number  than  we  should  expect  to  find  if  both  horizons 
belong  to  the  Miocene  or  even  if  one  were  lower  Miocene  and  the 
other  lower  Pliocene.  This  may  be  explained  either  by  supposing 
the  interval  between  the  deposition  of  the  original  sediments  con- 
taining the  Carmanah  Point  fauna  and  the  deposition  of  the  Sooke 
beds  to  have  been  a  very  long  one,  allowing  time  for  radical  faunal 
changes,  or  by  supposing  considerable  topographic  and  climatic 
changes  to  have  taken  place  in  a  shorter  interval,  accompanied  by 
immigration  of  new  forms. 

Supposing  the  Carmanah  Point  and  Sooke  faunas  to  have  lived 
at  different  periods  along  the  shore  of  the  same  ocean,  we  can  hardly 
suppose  the  latter  derived  from   the  Carmanah    Point  fauna   by 


•    E 

4    B 


>  •    ail* 


''■•' TJj'j^^iPSW 


in8 


University  of  California. 


LVoi.. 


gradual  process  of  evolution  within  the  limits  of  the  middle  Tertiary. 
Immigration  and  emigration  must  have  been  important  factors  in 
the  change.  Granting  even  that  the  greater  part  of  the  change  was 
due  to  migration  rather  than  evolution,  the  faunal  changes,  together 
with  the  climatic  or  topographic  changes  which  they  must  neces- 
sarily have  accompanied,  are  such  as  usually  mark  the  boundaries 
between  geological  periods. 

The  evidence  at  our  command  indicates  that  the  Sooke  beds 
are  of  middle  Neocene  age,  and  that  the  time  of  their  deposition 
was  considerably  later  than  that  of  the  Carmanah  Point  beds. 

University  of  California,  Dec.  i,  i8g6. 


. •  .• .  •  .' • 


• '  •  •     •  •    *  . ' 



•         9 


iiniliiii 


'  fF-'^-'^'nSw'^-    ^"  '  ^-  W  ^T^i"  "■     ■  '* :- 


The  Bulletin  ok  the  Dei'Artment  of  Gkology  ov  thk  Universitv  of  Cali- 
fornia is  issued  at  irregular  intervals  in  the  form  of  separate  papers  or  memoirs,  each 
embodying  the  results  of  research  by  some  competent  investigator  in  geological  science. 
It  is  designed  to  have  these  made  up  into  volumes  of  from  4uo  to  500  pages.  The  price 
per  volume  is  placed  at  $3.50,  including  postage.  The  papers  composing  the  volumes 
will  be  sent  to  subscribers  in  separate  covers  as  soon  as  issued.  The  separate  numbers 
may  be  purchased  at  the  following  prices  from  the  University  Librarian,  J.  C.  Rowell,  to 
whom  remittances  should  be  addressed:— 

VOLUME  I.     \ 

No.  I.  The  Geology  of  Carmelo  Bay,  by  Andrew  C.  Lawson,  with  chemical  analy- 
ses and  cooperation  in  the  field,  by  Juan  de  la  C.  Posada        .        Price,  25c 

No.    2.  The  Soda-Rhyolite  North  of  Berkeley,  by  Charles  Palache  .    Price,  10c 

No.    3    The  Eruptive  Rocks  of  Point  Bonita,  by  F.  Leslie  Ransome         .        Price,  40c 

No.   4.  The  Post-Pliocene  Diastrophism  of  the  Coast  of  .Southern  California,  by 

Andrew  C.  Lawson         .        .' Price,  40c 

No.  5.  The  Lherzolite-Serpentine  and  Associated  Rocks  of  the  Potrero,  San  1  t„  „,,_ 
Francisco,  by  Charles  Palache i- cover 

No.    6.  On  a  Rock,  from  the  Vicinity  of  Berkeley,  containing  a  New  Soda  |  p_:-„"  ,^_ 
Amphibole,  by  Charles  Palache J  '  ""•  ^"^ 

No.  7.  The  Geology  of  Angel  Island,  by  F.  Leslie  Ransome,  with  a  Note  on  the 
Radiolarian  Chert  from  Angel  Island  and  from  Buri-buri  Ridge,  San 
Mateo  County,  California,  by  George  Jennings  Hinde  .'       Price,  45c 

No.    S.  The  Geomorphogeny  of  the  Coast  of  Northern  California,  by  Andrew  C. 

Lawson    . Price,  30c 

No.    9.  On  Analcite  Diabase  from  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California,  by  Marold 

VV.  Fairbanks Price,  25c 

No.  lo.  On  Lawsonite,  a  New  Rock-forming  Mineral  from  the  Tiburon  Peninsula, 

Marin  County,  California,  by  F.  Leslie  Ransome  .        .        ,    Price,  loc 

No.  II.  Critical  Periods  in  the  History  of  the  Earth,  by  Joseph  Le  Conte  .        Price,  20c 

No.  12.  On  Malignite,  a  Family  of  Basic,  Plutonic,  Orthoclase  Rocks,  Rich  in  Alka- 
lies and  Lime,  Intrusive  in  the  Coutchiching  Schists  of  Poohbah  Lake, 
by  Andrew  C.  Lawson Price,  20c 

No.  13.  Sigmogomphius  Le  Contei,  a  New  Castoroid  Rodent,  from  the  Pliocene, 

near  Berkeley,  by  John  C.  Merriam Price,  loc 

No.  14.  The  Great  Valley  of  California:  a  Criticism  of  the  Theory  of  Isostasy,  by  F. 

Leslie  Ransome       . , Price,  45c 

VOLUME   II.  •  ' 

No.    I.  The  Geology  of  Point  Sal,  by  Harold  W.  Fairbanks                      .        Price,  65c 
No.    2.  On  Some  Pliocene  Ostracoda  from  Near  Berkelex ,  by  Frederick  Chap- 
man          Price,  uic 

No.    3.  Note  on  Two  Tertiary  Faunas  from  the  Rocks  of  the  Southern  Coast  of 

Vancouver  Island,  by  J.  C.  Merriam Price,  10c 


